{"id":5418,"date":"2024-11-28T15:28:26","date_gmt":"2024-11-28T14:28:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.idena.fr\/conseil\/mycotoxines-un-danger-visible-comme-invisible-a-prendre-en-consideration\/"},"modified":"2025-02-24T15:22:36","modified_gmt":"2025-02-24T14:22:36","slug":"micotoxinele-un-pericol-vizibil-si-invizibil-care-trebuie-luat-in-considerare","status":"publish","type":"conseil","link":"https:\/\/www.idena.fr\/ro\/conseil\/micotoxinele-un-pericol-vizibil-si-invizibil-care-trebuie-luat-in-considerare\/","title":{"rendered":"Micotoxinele: un pericol vizibil \u0219i invizibil care trebuie luat \u00een considerare"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"is-style-intro\">Micotoxinele afecteaz\u0103 toate produc\u021biile vegetale: cereale, iarb\u0103, lucern\u0103, hamei, arahide etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-intro\">O&nbsp;<strong>micotoxin\u0103<\/strong>&nbsp;este un metabolit toxic care poate fi produs de anumite tulpini de mucegai, care poate avea un impact asupra s\u0103n\u0103t\u0103\u021bii \u0219i performan\u021belor zootehnice, \u00een func\u021bie de doz\u0103 \u0219i de specia animal\u0103. Condi\u021biile climatice sunt un factor determinant \u00een producerea de micotoxine. Afla\u021bi mai multe despre propriet\u0103\u021bile toxicologice ale micotoxinelor \u0219i despre modul de reducere a prezen\u021bei lor \u00een materiile prime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ic-blocks-responsive-spacer\"><div style=\"height:70px\"><\/div><div style=\"height:50px\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading icone-thinking\">Context<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>FAO (Organiza\u021bia pentru Alimenta\u021bie \u0219i Agricultur\u0103) estimeaz\u0103 c\u0103 peste 75% din culturile de cereale din \u00eentreaga lume sunt afectate de micotoxine la niveluri semnificative. Au fost identifica\u021bi mai mult de 300 de metaboli\u021bi secundari, dar numai aproximativ treizeci au propriet\u0103\u021bi toxice reale care provoac\u0103 \u00eengrijorare&nbsp;<em>(AFSSA, 2009).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Materiile prime sunt poten\u021bial multi-contaminate<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Acela\u0219i mucegai poate produce mai multe micotoxine<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Aceea\u0219i micotoxin\u0103 (sau familie) poate fi produs\u0103 de mai multe mucegaiuri<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Micotoxinele pot fi \u00eenc\u0103 prezente chiar dac\u0103 mucegaiul a disp\u0103rut<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"428\" src=\"https:\/\/www.idena.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-1-fr-1.png\" alt=\"IDENA - les principales mycotoxines qu'on trouve dans les mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res\" class=\"wp-image-4476\" style=\"width:628px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.idena.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-1-fr-1.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.idena.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-1-fr-1-768x274.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>Figura 1:<\/strong>\u00a0Principalele micotoxine g\u0103site \u00een materiile prime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Exist\u0103 o poten\u021bare a toxicit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i, f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eendoial\u0103, asocia\u021bii sinergice de toxicitate. Condi\u021biile climatice, influen\u021bate de schimb\u0103rile climatice, joac\u0103 un rol important \u00een proliferarea ciupercilor produc\u0103toare de micotoxine. Clima este factorul agroecosistemic cu cea mai mare influen\u021b\u0103 asupra ciclului de via\u021b\u0103 al ciupercilor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1112\" height=\"566\" src=\"https:\/\/www.idena.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-2-fr.jpg\" alt=\"IDENA - les param\u00e8tres influen\u00e7ant le d\u00e9veloppement des mycotoxines.\" class=\"wp-image-4479\" style=\"width:545px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.idena.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-2-fr.jpg 1112w, https:\/\/www.idena.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-2-fr-768x391.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1112px) 100vw, 1112px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>Figura 2:<\/strong>\u00a0Parametrii care influen\u021beaz\u0103 dezvoltarea micotoxinelor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Temperaturile ridicate \u0219i perioadele prelungite de ploaie<\/strong> creeaz\u0103 medii favorabile pentru aceste ciuperci, cresc\u00e2nd riscul de contaminare a culturilor. \u00cen Europa de Sud \u0219i de Est, anii mai calzi \u0219i mai usca\u021bi dec\u00e2t \u00een mod normal au avut un impact asupra dezvolt\u0103rii mucegaiurilor \u00een c\u00e2mp, cu o inciden\u021b\u0103 mai mare a Aspergillus flavus. \u00cen ceea ce prive\u0219te genul Fusarium, acesta se dezvolt\u0103 mai mult atunci c\u00e2nd activitatea apei (= ap\u0103 liber\u0103, aw) este ridicat\u0103. Nordul \u0219i centrul Europei vor fi mai afectate de acest tip de micotoxin\u0103 din cauza cre\u0219terii umidit\u0103\u021bii p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 2050\u00a0<em>(ZINGALES et al., 2022).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u00cen Europa, sezonul 2023-2024 a fost marcat de un deficit persistent de precipita\u021bii \u00een regiunile din vestul Mediteranei, care a \u00eempiedicat \u00eens\u0103m\u00e2n\u021barea \u0219i dezvoltarea ini\u021bial\u0103 a cerealelor de iarn\u0103. \u00cen schimb, precipita\u021biile abundente \u0219i o iarn\u0103 \u00een general bl\u00e2nd\u0103 \u00een \u00eentreaga Europ\u0103 au provocat perturb\u0103ri majore la \u00eens\u0103m\u00e2n\u021barea \u0219i dezvoltarea culturilor de iarn\u0103. Aceste condi\u021bii meteorologice speciale ar putea favoriza dezvoltarea micotoxinelor \u00een cereale. Mai jos sunt prezentate precipita\u021biile pentru diferite luni din sezonul 2023-2024 \u00een compara\u021bie cu mediile pentru diferite luni din perioada 1991-2020.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"481\" height=\"471\" src=\"https:\/\/www.idena.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-3.jpg\" alt=\"IDENA - precipitation 2023 -2024\" class=\"wp-image-4454\" style=\"width:403px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Ce spun reglement\u0103rile europene?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Uniunea European\u0103 impune standarde stricte pentru nivelurile maxime de micotoxine din produsele alimentare. \u00cen 2024, tocmai au fost introduse limite maxime mai stricte pentru anumite micotoxine, ca r\u0103spuns la noile date privind efectele lor pe termen lung asupra s\u0103n\u0103t\u0103\u021bii umane. Comisia European\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i \u00een\u0103spre\u0219te reglement\u0103rile \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu 2016. Noul regulament reduce pragul micotoxinei DON \u00een gr\u00e2ul comun \u0219i orz de la 1250 la 1000 \u00b5g\/kg\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/RO\/TXT\/?uri=OJ%3AL_202401022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[Regulamentul (UE) 2024\/1038 din 9 aprilie 2024].<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"685\" height=\"393\" src=\"https:\/\/www.idena.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-3-fr.jpg\" alt=\"IDENA - Teneur maximale autoris\u00e9e dans les graines non transform\u00e9s (R\u00e8glementation UE, 2024).\" class=\"wp-image-4485\" style=\"width:462px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>Figura 3:\u00a0<\/strong>Con\u021binutul maxim autorizat \u00een semin\u021be neprelucrate (Regulamentul UE, 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ic-blocks-responsive-spacer\"><div style=\"height:50px\"><\/div><div style=\"height:50px\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading icone-memo\"><strong>Care sunt\u00a0<mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-beige-color\">propriet\u0103\u021bile toxicologice<\/mark>\u00a0ale micotoxinelor?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Micotoxinele \u00ee\u0219i exercit\u0103 efectele toxice prin diverse mecanisme:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Sinteza proteinelor afectat\u0103 :<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Unele micotoxine, cum ar fi DON, perturb\u0103 sinteza proteinelor prin legarea de ribozomi, duc\u00e2nd la moartea celulelor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Inducerea stresului oxidativ :<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Micotoxinele pot genera specii reactive de oxigen (ROS), provoc\u00e2nd leziuni oxidative ale nutrien\u021bilor (lipide, proteine) \u0219i ADN. AFB1 este hepatotoxic \u0219i poate provoca leziuni hepatice acute \u0219i cronice. AFB1 ajunge \u00een ficat prin sistemul portal \u0219i este metabolizat de citocromi \u00een AFB1 8,9-epoxid (AFBO). AFB1 este apoi capabil s\u0103 induc\u0103 producerea de ROS, cum ar fi peroxidul de hidrogen (H2O2), duc\u00e2nd la stres oxidativ&nbsp;<em>(D. PAYROS et al. 2021).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u00cen plus, la vacile de lapte, aceasta poate fi transformat\u0103 \u00een AFM1 \u00een lapte, reprezent\u00e2nd un risc direct pentru s\u0103n\u0103tatea uman\u0103.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Deteriorarea ADN :<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Micotoxinele precum aflatoxinele pot interac\u021biona cu ADN-ul, provoc\u00e2nd muta\u021bii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Dereglarea hormonal\u0103 :<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Unele micotoxine, cum ar fi zearalenona, imit\u0103 sau blocheaz\u0103 hormonii naturali, perturb\u00e2nd func\u021bia endocrin\u0103 normal\u0103. Bioconversia zearalenolului de c\u0103tre animale duce la crearea a doi metaboli\u021bi, denumi\u021bi \u03b1 \u0219i \u03b2 zearalenol. Forma \u03b1 -zearalenol este cea mai estrogenic\u0103 \u0219i poate avea un efect negativ asupra reproducerii&nbsp;<em>(C. GURIKAR et al. 2023).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>De fapt, zearalenona ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 ca un agonist al receptorilor de estrogen, provoc\u00e2nd tulbur\u0103ri hormonale. La scroafe, provoac\u0103 tulbur\u0103ri de reproducere, avorturi \u0219i o fertilitate redus\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Efecte imunomodulatoare \u0219i imunotoxice :<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Aflatoxinele afecteaz\u0103, de asemenea, r\u0103spunsul inflamator. Acestea sl\u0103besc sistemul imunitar prin inhibarea mai multor func\u021bii ale macrofagelor, cum ar fi fagocitoza<em>&nbsp;(MEISSONNIER et al., 2006; OTTINGER \u0219i KAATARI, 2000)<\/em>. Animalele hr\u0103nite cu o diet\u0103 continu\u0103 contaminat\u0103 cu micotoxine pot fi mai sensibile la infec\u021bii microbiene (bacteriene, parazitare \u0219i virale) \u0219i la o reducere a eficacit\u0103\u021bii vaccinurilor&nbsp;<em>(OSWALD et al., 2005).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Alte micotoxine, precum deoxinivalenolul DON, \u00ee\u0219i exercit\u0103 efectele nocive \u00een tractul gastrointestinal. \u00cen mod similar, \u00een rumen, \u00een timp ce unele micotoxine, cum ar fi DON, pot fi degradate, altele, cum ar fi zearalenona, pot fi activate \u0219i devin astfel mai toxice dup\u0103 transformare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Efectele micotoxinelor mascate, cunoscute \u0219i sub denumirea de \u201emicotoxine modificate\u201d, pot fi deosebit de nocive deoarece sunt dificil de detectat prin metodele standard de testare a micotoxinelor. Micotoxinele mascate se formeaz\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd plantele sau ciupercile modific\u0103 structura chimic\u0103 a micotoxinelor, f\u0103c\u00e2ndu-le \u201einvizibile\u201d pentru analiza de rutin\u0103 a furajelor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cu toate acestea, odat\u0103 ingerate de animale, aceste toxine modificate pot fi transformate \u00eenapoi \u00een formele lor toxice \u00een timpul digestiei, rezult\u00e2nd o serie de efecte adverse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dat\u0103 fiind natura lor ascuns\u0103, micotoxinele mascate reprezint\u0103 o amenin\u021bare t\u0103cut\u0103 la adresa s\u0103n\u0103t\u0103\u021bii \u0219i produc\u021biei animale, ceea ce face ca testele regulate \u0219i metodele avansate de detec\u021bie s\u0103 fie esen\u021biale pentru o gestionare eficient\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1947\" height=\"1360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.idena.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-5.png\" alt=\"IDENA -  Sch\u00e9ma r\u00e9capitulatif des effets n\u00e9gatives des mycotoxines chez toutes les esp\u00e8ces.\" class=\"wp-image-4460\" style=\"width:414px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.idena.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-5.png 1947w, https:\/\/www.idena.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-5-1400x978.png 1400w, https:\/\/www.idena.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-5-768x536.png 768w, https:\/\/www.idena.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-5-1536x1073.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1947px) 100vw, 1947px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>Figura 4:<\/strong>\u00a0Diagrama rezumativ\u0103 a efectelor negative ale micotoxinelor la toate speciile.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ic-blocks-responsive-spacer\"><div style=\"height:50px\"><\/div><div style=\"height:50px\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading icone-rice\"><strong>Cum putem\u00a0<mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-30-color\">limita prezen\u021ba micotoxinelor<\/mark>\u00a0\u00een materiile prime?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Lupta \u00eempotriva apari\u021biei micotoxinelor \u00eencepe cu alegerea soiurilor care sunt mai rezistente la fusarioz\u0103. Perioada de \u00eens\u0103m\u00e2n\u021bare este, de asemenea, un parametru important de luat \u00een considerare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00cenainte de \u00eens\u0103m\u00e2n\u021bare, se recomand\u0103 m\u0103run\u021birea sau ar\u0103tura dac\u0103 exist\u0103 reziduuri de paie sau tulpini de porumb. Protec\u021bia fungic\u0103 va fi necesar\u0103 pentru a limita riscul de apari\u021bie a micotoxinelor \u00een boabe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00cen continuare, la depozitarea cerealelor, boabele trebuie p\u0103strate \u00eentr-un loc curat, uscat \u0219i bine ventilat pentru a evita condensul \u0219i eventualele mucegaiuri.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"873\" height=\"564\" src=\"https:\/\/www.idena.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-6.jpg\" alt=\"IDENA - Diagramme de conservation des c\u00e9r\u00e9ales (ARVALIS).\" class=\"wp-image-4482\" style=\"width:513px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.idena.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-6.jpg 873w, https:\/\/www.idena.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/figure-6-768x496.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 873px) 100vw, 873px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>Figura 5:<\/strong>\u00a0Diagrama de conservare a cerealelor (ARVALIS).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ic-blocks-responsive-spacer\"><div style=\"height:50px\"><\/div><div style=\"height:50px\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading icone-cow\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-30-color\">IDAFIX PLUS<\/mark>,\u00a0solu\u021bia complet\u0103 pentru limitarea impactului negativ al micotoxinelor asupra animalelor de ferm\u0103<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>IDAFIX PLUS<\/strong>&nbsp;este un amestec specific de adsorban\u021bi organici \u0219i anorganici combina\u021bi cu neutralizatori de ciuperci \u0219i toxine pe baz\u0103 de uleiuri esen\u021biale. Structurile lor fizice \u0219i dimensiunile variate ale particulelor sunt capabile s\u0103 se asocieze ireversibil cu mai multe micotoxine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>IDAFIX PLUS<\/strong>&nbsp;are capacitatea de a interac\u021biona cu micotoxinele polare \u0219i apolare, precum \u0219i cu toxinele bacteriene din tractul digestiv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Debut rapid al ac\u021biunii,<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ingrediente stabile \u0219i eficiente la diferite niveluri de pH fiziologic:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2013 Spectru larg de micotoxine<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2013 Controlul permanent al hidrofobicit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i CEC<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Lipsa de afinitate pentru al\u021bi nutrien\u021bi<\/strong>\u00a0(vitamine, aminoacizi, oligoelemente)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>IDAFIX PLUS<\/strong>&nbsp;poate fi utilizat pe toate speciile de animale, cu o eficacitate \u00een doze mici \u0219i un cost care ofer\u0103 un randament\/investi\u021bie bun:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u2013 &nbsp;<strong>P\u0103s\u0103ri \/ porci:<\/strong>&nbsp;1 p\u00e2n\u0103 la 2 kg \/ ton\u0103 de furaj.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u2013 &nbsp;<strong>Rumeg\u0103toare mari:<\/strong>&nbsp;20 p\u00e2n\u0103 la 40 g\/zi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2013&nbsp;<strong>Animale tinere:<\/strong>&nbsp;2 kg \/ ton\u0103 de furaje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pentru a afla mai multe despre IDAFIX, citi\u021bi articolul nostru \u201eCum s\u0103 reduce\u021bi riscurile legate de micotoxine cu gama IDAFIX\u201d&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.idena.fr\/ro\/conseil\/idafix-o-solutie-multipla-pentru-atenuarea-efectelor-negative-ale-micotoxinelor\/\">aici<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ic-blocks-responsive-spacer\"><div style=\"height:100px\"><\/div><div style=\"height:50px\"><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Micotoxinele afecteaz\u0103 toate produc\u021biile vegetale: cereale, iarb\u0103, lucern\u0103, hamei, arahide etc. O&nbsp;micotoxin\u0103&nbsp;este un metabolit toxic care poate fi produs de anumite tulpini de mucegai, care poate avea un impact asupra s\u0103n\u0103t\u0103\u021bii \u0219i performan\u021belor zootehnice, \u00een func\u021bie de doz\u0103 \u0219i de specia animal\u0103. Condi\u021biile climatice sunt un factor determinant \u00een producerea de micotoxine. Afla\u021bi mai multe [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":5420,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","filtre":[364,365,366,367,368],"class_list":["post-5418","conseil","type-conseil","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","filtre-epingle-ro","filtre-formulation_idena-ro","filtre-porcs_idena-ro","filtre-ruminants_idena-ro","filtre-volailles_idena-ro"],"acf":[],"mb":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Micotoxinele: un pericol at\u00e2t vizibil, c\u00e2t \u0219i invizibil | Idena<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Micotoxinele pot avea un impact asupra s\u0103n\u0103t\u0103\u021bii \u0219i performan\u021belor zootehnice. 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